THE ROAD TO FULL AUTONOMY
Level 0 – No Automation Conventional vehicles with no automation features
Level 1 – Driver Assistance Lowest level of automation , including vehicles that have features to help with steering or braking . Level 1 vehicles have some automated features – adaptive cruise control , for instance .
Level 2 – Partial Automation Vehicles that have advanced driving assistance systems that can take over steering , acceleration and braking . Level 2 vehicles still require humans to take control .
Level 3 – Conditional Automation The first stage of automation that has less reliance on a driver to pilot the vehicle . Level 3 automation pairs driver assistance systems with AI to handle more complex situations .
Level 4 – High Automation Level 4 automated vehicles can drive themselves and are programmed to stop themselves if their systems fail . They are primarily used for services like robotaxis , which are pre-programmed to drive within specific areas .
Level 5 – Full Automation Level 5 vehicles are fully automated with no need for the driver to do anything but set the destination and ride along . They can drive themselves anywhere , under any conditions , safely . collect fares for robotaxi rides in Chongqing and Wuhan – two of China ' s largest cities – across 13sq / km in the Wuhan Economic & Technological Development Zone and 30sq / km in Chongqing ' s Yongchuan District .
Nevertheless , it ’ s Alphabet Inc-owned Waymo that has perhaps the greatest experience with real-world conditions , saying on its website that , since 2009 , its
68 February 2023